使用密钥身份验证的方式连接 SSH

你可以配置 SSH 使用基于密钥的身份验证，而不是使用用户名密码的方式验证。为了使用密钥身份验证方式，你需要生成一对密钥（公钥与私钥—）。私钥作业 “密码” 保存在用户端，公钥放到用户想连接到的远端主机上。本地计算机通过私钥去验证远端主机上的公钥，以确定远端主机的 “合法” 性。

环境介绍：

两台虚拟机 —— workstation 和 servera，workstation 作为客户端，servera 作为服务端，我们现在就是要从 workstation 这台虚拟机上面，通过密钥验证的方式使用 ssh 连接到 servera。

通过 ssh-keygen 在 workstation 上面生成密钥对，并指定密钥的密码（如果不指定密码，则表示不使用密码，在使用密钥登录的时候，不会提示让你输入密码。）

[it@workstation ~]ssh-keygen 
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/home/it/.ssh/id_rsa): 
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): 
Enter same passphrase again: 
Your identification has been saved in /home/it/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /home/it/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:bUXox2I6qVu4frpCPSgXhFo8b48tc8qyzsv851UGaoc it@workstation.lab.test
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 3072]----+
| . .       ..    |
|  = .     ..     |
| o +    .. ..    |
|.   +  o o+.o    |
|   . BE S+=o     |
|  . B.*o++       |
|   = =.oo.       |
| +. + o+.        |
| .B=.=B=         |
+----[SHA256]-----+
[it@workstation ~] ls .ssh/
id_rsa  id_rsa.pub
[it@workstation ~]$ 

id_rsa 是私钥，id_rsa.pub 是公钥（这里我使用的是系统默认的名称）

使用 ssh-copy-id 上传公钥到 servera

[it@workstation ~]$ ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_rsa it@servera
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: ".ssh/id_rsa.pub"
The authenticity of host 'servera (10.10.10.25)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:/Xj4qZo8BWSfrzHt3OpZ4sLuasIFYxd6Wf/ucFN2UL8.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/[fingerprint])? yes
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
it@servera's password: 

Number of key(s) added: 1

Now try logging into the machine, with:   "ssh 'it@servera'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.

通过 ssh 连接到 servera，在弹出的窗口里输入私钥的密码（我 workstation 是图形界面的，所有会以弹出窗口的方式，让你输入密钥密码。）。

[it@workstation ~]ssh it@servera
Last login: Thu Oct 29 14:41:13 2020 from 10.10.10.20
[it@servera ~] 

有人可能会觉得这样一直重复输入密码很烦，有没有办法不输入密码？我们可以使用 ssh-agent 在 bash 进程中缓存私钥的密码。

[it@workstation ~]eval(ssh-agent)
Agent pid 3191
[it@workstation ~]ssh-add .ssh/id_rsa
Enter passphrase for .ssh/id_rsa: 
Identity added: .ssh/id_rsa (it@workstation.lab.test)
[it@workstation ~] ssh it@servera
Last login: Thu Oct 29 14:42:51 2020 from 10.10.10.20
[it@servera ~]$ 

因为密码是缓存在当前 bash 中的，当我们切换到一个新的 bash 时，将依然要输入私钥密码。

使用相同的方式，将密钥传输到 serverb 上。

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